By Jack Dougherty
ISBN-10: 0807828556
ISBN-13: 9780807828557
ISBN-10: 0807863467
ISBN-13: 9780807863466
Conventional narratives of black academic background recommend that African american citizens provided a unified voice referring to Brown v. Board of schooling. Jack Dougherty counters this interpretation, demonstrating that black activists engaged in a number of, overlapping, and infrequently conflicting recommendations to improve the race by way of gaining better regulate over colleges. Dougherty tells the tale of black tuition reform pursuits in Milwaukee from the Thirties to the Nineties, highlighting the a number of views inside of each one new release. In profiles of 4 top activists, he finds how diversified generations redefined the that means of the Brown choice over the years to slot the ancient stipulations in their specific struggles. William Kelley of the city League labored to win educating jobs for blacks and to resettle Southern black migrant teenagers within the Fifties; Lloyd Barbee of the NAACP prepared protests in aid of built-in faculties and the educating of black historical past within the Nineteen Sixties; and Marian McEvilly and Howard Fuller contested--in diverse ways--the politics of enforcing desegregation within the Seventies, paving the best way for the Nineteen Nineties inner most university voucher flow. Dougherty concludes by means of contrasting 3 interpretations of the development made within the fifty years because Brown, displaying how historic point of view can make clear modern debates over race and schooling reform.
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Extra info for More Than One Struggle: The Evolution of Black School Reform in Milwaukee
Sample text
Yet when the white Indianapolis school board overcame black opposition and segregated high schools in 1922, black support subsequently developed because jobs were promised to black teachers, who had been barred from white schools. A similar episode took place in the late nineteenth century in Ohio, where the state legislature officially banned school segregation but black Cincinnati teachers maneuvered at the local level to maintain separate schools and, by extension, their jobs. 14 All of these cities stood far above the third cluster of cities (such as Buffalo, Pittsburgh, and Milwaukee), where black teachers had virtually no jobs, segregated or otherwise, in 1930.
Furthermore, the field was crowded in the approaching spring primary with several candidates, including two African Americans: attorney George Hamilton and businessman Clarence Johnson. After meeting with Josey, Alderman Soref quietly arranged for two black teachers to be hired through his brother, a member of the Milwaukee school board. Both Susie Bazzelle and another recent graduate, Millie White, were told to report to Fourth Street Elementary, where they began teaching as day-to-day substitutes, a common practice for teachers awaiting eligibility for full-time permanent openings.
Shocked by what Geraldine Goens had dared to say, the white supervisor was speechless on the other end of the phone line. But a kindergarten teaching position soon opened up for her at the predominantly black Ninth Street School, perhaps due to the combination of her family influence and her own selfconfidence. 37 As young black Milwaukeeans confronted the racial barriers imposed by the 1939 compromise brokered by William Kelley, they grew more likely to challenge these restrictions, though only on an individual basis.
More Than One Struggle: The Evolution of Black School Reform in Milwaukee by Jack Dougherty
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