By George Lakoff, Mark Johnson
ISBN-10: 0226468011
ISBN-13: 9780226468013
The now-classic Metaphors we are living By replaced our realizing of metaphor and its position in language and the brain. Metaphor, the authors clarify, is a primary mechanism of brain, one who permits us to exploit what we all know approximately our actual and social adventure to supply realizing of numerous different matters. simply because such metaphors constitution our most simple understandings of our adventure, they're "metaphors we are living by"—metaphors that may form our perceptions and activities with out our ever noticing them.
In this up-to-date variation of Lakoff and Johnson's influential publication, the authors offer an afterword surveying how their conception of metaphor has constructed in the cognitive sciences to develop into relevant to the modern knowing of the way we expect and the way we convey our options in language.
Read Online or Download Metaphors We Live By (Updated Edition) PDF
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Additional resources for Metaphors We Live By (Updated Edition)
Sample text
I will attempt to determine for each feature that is shared by two or more languages, and may therefore be of classificatory value, whether it was inherited from a shared ancestor, or developed separately under the influence of a neighbouring language. 11 Not all of the phonetic criteria listed by Rybatzki will be repeated here, which is not a statement about their validity. 1. Features uniting all of QG Mongolic The features shared by Eastern Yugur and the Shirongol languages are mostly of a very general nature, and most are not exclusive to the QG region.
CM *keüken „child‟ now specifically denotes female children in central Mongolic, but male children in the QG languages. A functional difference has developed with regard to *irgen „people‟. It has become a third person personal pronoun in Eastern Yugur and all of Shirongol. *eǰen „master‟ has become a reflexive pronoun in Eastern Yugur and Monguoric, and a third person pronoun in Baoan. ). The numeral *nige „one‟ has come to function as an indefinite article and/or singular marker in Monguoric, Baoan and Kangjia.
Retrofl. /lar. 10 Final -r (pronounced ɹ) is marginal in Suonanba, and is often analysed as a part of the preceding vowel (Bökh adds the „rhotic vowel‟ ɚ to his system). In other Dongxiang dialects syllable-final r occurs frequently. Liú (1981:13) has a velar fricative ɣ rather than a uvular one. 9 10 It may also be found in other environments, as in Dgx (according to Liú‟s analysis) tïƺï < *tobčï „button‟, and dalï < *dalu „shoulder‟. The other sources record these words differently. The sequence -ri in Dgx qïri- < *gar- „to exit‟, ƺawari- < *ǰalbarï- „to beg‟ does not have a retroflex pronunciation.
Metaphors We Live By (Updated Edition) by George Lakoff, Mark Johnson
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