By Grant Black
ISBN-10: 0306487454
ISBN-13: 9780306487453
ISBN-10: 1402076126
ISBN-13: 9781402076121
It has lengthy been famous that advances in technology give a contribution to monetary development. whereas it's something to argue that the sort of courting exists, it truly is particularly one other to set up the level to which wisdom spills over inside and among sectors of the financial system. one of these examine time table faces a variety of demanding situations. not just needs to one search measures of inputs, yet a degree of output is required in addition to estimate the information creation functionality. The identity of this type of degree was once a compelling aim for Zvi Griliches, if no longer the holy grail: “The dream of having carry of an output indicator of creative job is without doubt one of the robust motivating forces for monetary study during this area.” (Griliches 1990, p. 1669). Jaffe (1989) made an important contribution to estimating the information construction functionality while he verified a courting among patent task and R&D job on the country point. Feldman and coauthors (1994a, 1994b) further significantly to this line of study, concentrating on innovation counts because the based variable rather than patent counts. This paintings was once really very important on condition that many inventions are by no means patented. Feldman’s paintings additionally differentiated by means of company measurement and confirmed that wisdom spillovers from universities play a key function as assets of data for small firms.
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Additional resources for The Geography of Small Firm Innovation
Sample text
Jaffe recognized the state as a second-best unit of analysis, contending that geographic effects likely take place in a smaller area. Lack of disaggregated industrial R&D data, however, forced the unit of observation to the state level. He attempted to account for any error in the spatial unit being too broadly defined by including in the estimation a ‘geographic coincidence index,’ which tries to capture input concentrations within a state. His findings indicate that corporate patenting benefits from the R&D efforts of industries and universities in close proximity geographically and technologically, suggesting that knowledge indeed spills over not only from the private sector but also from the public sector.
Two variables are constructed to measure knowledge emanating from the academic sector: UNIVDUM and UNIVR&D. The first, UNIVDUM, is a zero-one dummy variable and provides an indication of access to knowledge from the academic community. UNIVR&D takes this one step further by proxying the amount of relevant knowledge produced at universities as measured by academic R&D activity. Academic R&D activity is restricted to R&D expenditures by universities classified as Carnegie Research I/II or Doctorate I/II institutions.
This extensive, three-step effort resulted in over 90 percent of recipient firms being classified in an industry. 42 The Geography of Small Firm Innovation The National Science Foundation’s WebCASPAR provided institutional level data on academic R&D expenditures by department for Carnegie Research I/II and Doctorate I/II institutions. Institutions were linked to a metropolitan area and academic R&D expenditures were determined by assigning departments to the relevant industry. Following Feldman (1994b), academic R&D expenditures were determined by linking each industry to relevant science and engineering departments based on academic field classifications from the National Science Foundation’s Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges.
The Geography of Small Firm Innovation by Grant Black
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