New PDF release: Can neuroscience change our minds?

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Oxygen too can be persuaded by strong magnetic fields to emit a radio frequency signal. The oxygen level in the blood is measured by fMRI as the blood flows through the brain, which is taken as a surrogate measure of brain activity. The higher the blood flow in any region, the more active that region is assumed to be. As the brain is always active, the experimental designs involve comparing the blood flow, and hence oxygen use, through a person's brain during some mental task, such as identifying the odd one out from a word list, with that when they are at rest.

How can a mouse's loss of memory for the route through a maze be compared to the age-related loss of memory for names described, for instance, in Penelope Lively's autobiographical Ammonites and Flying Fish? And how can such animal models be matched against the epidemiology of depression (twice as frequently diagnosed in women as in men) or schizophrenia (twice as common in working class than middle class, and commoner in Britain in people of Caribbean than European ancestry)? Only in 1993, under steady pressure from feminists, were women of childbearing age included in clinical trials of new drugs in the US, and effects controlled for what were seen as sex and race differences.

Advances in informatics suggested that brain processes could be modelled, or even enhanced, in computers, and, along with the precursor to the internet, ARPA (the D came later) funded a massive programme in artificial intelligence that laid the foundation for the present-day mega-brain projects. ) Hunting the molecule of madness With the growth of neuroscience came a move to anchor psychiatry in neurochemistry, built on the underlying assumption – rooted in much older conceptualizations of madness – that the unbalanced mind was caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain.

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