By N. Stockman
ISBN-10: 9048183804
ISBN-13: 9789048183807
ISBN-10: 9401576785
ISBN-13: 9789401576789
The sciences are too very important to be left solely to scientists, and certainly they've got now not been. The constitution of clinical wisdom, the function of the sciences in society, the ideal social contexts for the pursuit of medical inquiry, have lengthy been issues for mirrored image and debate in regards to the sciences carried on either inside of academe and outdoors it. Even in the universities this mirrored image has now not been the valuables of any unmarried self-discipline. Philosophy could have been first within the box, yet heritage and the social sciences have additionally entered the fray. For the latter, new difficulties got here to the fore, considering mirrored image at the sciences is, on the subject of the social sciences, inevitably additionally mirrored image on themselves as sciences. mirrored image at the traditional sciences and self-reflection through the social sciences got here to be ruled within the Nineteen Sixties via the time period 'positivism'. on the time whilst this note were invented, the sciences have been flourishing; their social and fabric surroundings had turn into more and more beneficial to clinical development, and the sciences have been pointing find out how to an confident destiny. within the later 20th century, although, 'positivism' got here to be a observe used extra usually by means of these much less convinced of 19th century certainties. In either sociology and philosophy, 'positivism' used to be now whatever to be rejected, and, symbolizing the cave in of an previous consensus, it grew to become itself the shibboleth of a brand new dissensus, as diversified teams of reflective thinkers, in rejecting 'positivism', rejected anything diversified, and infrequently rejected each one other.
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Additional info for Antipositivist Theories of the Sciences: Critical Rationalism, Critical Theory and Scientific Realism
Sample text
34 Chapter 3 This is a continual and insoluble problem within the presuppositions of empiricism, for the idea of immanence can only be defined in opposition to that of transcendence, and the idea of that which is transcendent to consciousness must be at least meaningful if the immanence-thesis is to have any sense. This conflict has historically given rise to such widely divergent philosophies as the neutrality-thesis of Mach and Avenarius and the absolute idealism of Fichte. This account of the presuppositions of empiricism and the philosophical problems which they generate is intended by Schnadelbach not as a static defmition of a philosophical school but rather as a dynamic identification of a philosophical tendency in terms of the motor of its internal development.
40 Chapter 3 It therefore becomes important to inquire into, not just the structural location of the concept of convention in the immanent development of the positivist problematic, but also the cognitive meaning of 'convention'. Conventionalism, after all, with its discovery that empiricist attempts to expunge all posited or produced elements of scientific knowledge were bound to fail, that empiricism could not justify itself empiricistically, appears to be a return to a kind of rationalism, an admittance of a priori knowledge.
In a number of places Popper makes it clear that technical applicability is an essential component of the aims of empirical natural science, and Wellmer (1967, p. 94) shows that the relationship of the conventional methodological rules to the aim of technical applicability cannot be adequately conceived of as one of means to ends, but rather as a redescription of the aims in methodological terms. Schniidelbach is led from this to the conclusion that both the pragmatic-technological aims and the methodological rules which are supposed to facilitate their achievement are in fact no more than redescriptions of the prevailing norms and methodologies of the empirical natural sciences as they actually exist.
Antipositivist Theories of the Sciences: Critical Rationalism, Critical Theory and Scientific Realism by N. Stockman
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