By Vladimir E. Orel
ISBN-10: 141751048X
ISBN-13: 9781417510481
ISBN-10: 9004116478
ISBN-13: 9789004116474
This paintings addresses the old improvement of the Albanian language from prehistoric occasions to the twenty first century. the focus of the ebook is the reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, the research of its kinfolk to its ancestor, Indo-European, and its extra swap resulting in Albanian in its current shape. the amount incorporates a precise description of historic phonetics and morphology of Albanian. The reader also will locate very important facts at the Albanian vocabulary in its historic improvement. including the author's ''Albanian Etymological Dictionary'', the paintings can be utilized as a study software for Albanologists, Balkanologists and ancient linguistics.
Read Online or Download A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian PDF
Best history_1 books
New Culture in a New World: The May Fourth Movement and the - download pdf or read online
In the course of the Nineteen Twenties, China's intellectuals referred to as for a brand new literature, a brand new procedure of idea and new orientation in the direction of glossy lifestyles. generally known as the may possibly Fourth circulation or the hot tradition flow, this highbrow momentum spilled past China into the out of the country chinese language groups. This paintings analyzes the hot tradition flow from a diaspora point of view, particularly that of the in a foreign country chinese language in Singapore.
Whereas there's now renewed curiosity within the historical past of Athens less than the Roman empire, the Augustan and Julio-Claudian sessions stay rather ignored by way of prolonged research. hence the single accomplished ancient works at the interval and its epigraphy stay these of Paul Graindor, that have been released ahead of the invention of the Athenian Agora and its epigraphical wealth.
New PDF release: El bastardo de Marx
Novela documental sobre Karl Marx, su vida, su obra, su familia, su entorno, su época. .. y su hijo ilegítimo.
- Tamils in Independent Ceylon
- Global Spaces of Chinese Culture: Diasporic Chinese Communities in the United States and Germany (Asian Americans: Reconceptualizing Culture, History, Politics)
- Chinese Workers: A New History (Routledge Studies in Modern History of Asia, 2)
- The Age of the Ship of the Line: The British and French Navies, 1650-1815 (Studies in War, Society, and the Militar)
- Torpedoschiffe und Zerstorer der K.u.K Marine
Additional resources for A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
Sample text
Q 6SUDFKH,; L5 5L
`EXWDU
¹ 9$60(5$OE:RUWIRUVFK DQG
!
2UELV ;,, VLPLODU GHYHORSPHQW RI DQ LQ 5XPDQLDQ DQG 7RVN +$03 55/ ;; 0$11 +LVW *U \H H H[SODLQHG E\ WKH ORVV RI WKH IROORZLQJ V\OODEOH RULJLQRI¬~ D Ç$%(-6W,,, 25(//%;;9,, \ 9Z9 ;;,; XD ~ XH 6ODY RYD /LQJXLVWLFD ;;,9 \ 9Z9 )ROORZLQJWKHVLPSOLILFDWLRQRIVRPHLQODXWFOXVWHUVSUHFHGLQJ YRZHOVZHUHOHQJWKHQHGLQ3URWR$OEDQLDQ GRU¬‘KDQG’ (3$
GAU ,(
½KHVULG *NZGK`T+LWWNHhhDU$UP MHUQ NUXD ~ NUXH ‘VSULQJ IRXQWDLQ’ (3$ NUAQD *N MTJPJ LG 2( KUæQ‘ZDYH’ *PF
[UD]QA NU\H‘KHDG’ (3$
NUQM
NUDVQM *NMTC PKQP‘VNXOOKHDG’ ,Q /DWH 3URWR$OEDQLDQ DOO YRZHOV SUHFHGLQJ QDVDO VRQRUDQWV ZHUH QDVDOL]HG ,Q WKLV SRVLWLRQ VKRUW YRZHOV D H EHIRUH LWV GLSKWKRQJL]DWLRQ L DQG X FKDQJHG WR /3$ *â, *ê, *î, *û FRUUH VSRQGLQJO\7KHVHQHZQDVDOYRZHOVZHUHFRPSOHWHO\SUHVHUYHGLQ*HJ LQWKHRUWKRJUDSK\,DPXVLQJWKH\DUHPDUNHGDVâ (derived from both *â DQG *ê , î, û RQO\ZKHQ QRW IROORZHG E\ D QDVDO FRQVRQDQW EXW ORVW WKHLUQDVDOL]DWLRQLQ7RVNZKHUHWKH\ZHUHUHSODFHGE\¬LDQGX(3$ HLQWKLVSRVLWLRQFRXOGDOVRRFFDVLRQDOO\\LHOG7RVN¬H~*HJê$WWKH VDPH WLPH WKH RULJLQDO QDVDO FRQVRQDQW ZDV ORVW LQ FHUWDLQ PRUSKRQR ORJLFDOFRQWH[WV JM¬~JMDˆ‘WKLQJ’ (3$
VDQ V ,(
VRQWV‘EHLQJ’ 6NWVDQW JML~JMî‘EUHDVWFKHVW’ (3$
VLQD /DWVLQXV‘FXUYHIROG’ JMX ~ JMû ‘NQHH’ (3$ JOXQD GLVVLPLODWHG IURP J D QXQD ,(
½HQXLG +LWWJQX6NWMdQX*NIQPW/DWJHQ 16 chapter one KX~Kû‘SLFNHWVWDNHSROHSHQLV’ (3$
VNXQDEDVHGRQ
VNXMD 6ODY
[XMÚ‘SHQLV’ K¬Q¬ ~ KDQ¬ ‘PRRQ’ (3$ NVDQG 6NW F¢QGDWL ‘ KH VKLQHV LV EULJKW’FDQGU¢‘VKLQLQJ PRRQ’ O¬QG¬ ~ ODQG¬ ‘ZRRG WLPEHU PDWHULDO’ (3$ OHQW ,( OHQW 2+*OLQWD‘OLQGHQ’/LWKOHQW£‘ERDUG’6ODY
O_WÙ‘EDVW’ ULM ~ Uî ‘WR PDNH KXPLG’ (3$ ULQMD 6NW ULodWL ‘WR VWUHDP WR UHOHDVH’6ODY
ULQ_WL‘WRIORZ’ 7KLV GHYHORSPHQW ZDV VKDUHG E\ (DUO\ 3URWR$OEDQLDQ GLSKWKRQJVHYHQWKRXJKUHOLDEOHH[DPSOHVDUHQRWYHU\IUHTXHQW GU¬QM¬ ‘FRUQHOFKHUU\ KHDOWK\ VRXQG’ (3$ GUDXQM GHULYHG IURP,(
GUHX‘WUHH’ JM¬U ‘VRXS’ ~ JMDQ¬ ‘PXGEHG DOOXYLXP’ (3$ MDXVQD 6NW QHXW \ ¿‘VRXS’/DWL VLG/LWKMgh^‘ILVKVRXS’ K¬~Kê‘QRZ’ (3$
VNDLQDLGDWLYHORFDWLYHRIDQRXQUHODWHGWR *RWKVNHLQDQ2+*VNQDQ‘WRVKLQH’ O¬~ODˆ‘WROHW’ (3$
ODLGQD /LWKO©LVWLLG/DWYODîVWLG*RWKOHWDQ LG Q¬QW¬ ~ QDQG ‘QLQH’ (3$ QHXQWL ZLWK DQDORJLFDO UHVWUXFWXULQJ RI WKH FOXVWHU LQ 7RVN ,(
QHÆ LG 6NW Q¢YD /DW QRYHP *RWKQLXQ %HIRUH D QDVDO FRQVRQDQW RU U VWUHVVHG (3$ DQG A LQFOXGLQJ ORQJ GLSKWKRQJV DQG ORQJ YRZHOV UHVXOWLQJ IURP D FRPSHQVDWRU\OHQJWKHQLQJ PHUJHGLQWR
AZKLFKFKDQJHGWR/3$
ÆH 7KH ODWWHU GHYHORSHG LQWR ÆDˆ DQG HYHQWXDOO\ \LHOGHG 7RVN XD ~ 2*HJ XR*HJ XH ,Q XQVWUHVVHG SRVLWLRQV (3$ DQG A GLG QRW PHUJH DQG GHYHORSHGDVLQDOORWKHUSKRQHWLFFRQWH[WVLH\LHOGHG$OERDQGH7KH UHVXOWLVDSDUDGLJPDWLFDQGGHULYDWLRQDODOWHUQDWLRQOLNHWKDWREVHUYHGLQ GRU¬VJvs.
3$ KDG WDNHQ SODFH EXW EHIRUH WKH GLSKWKRQJL]DWLRQ RI VKRUW (3$ HLHDWWKHWLPHZKHQ(3$
HZDVWKHEHVWSRVVLEOHVXEVWLWXWHIRU/DW NDVKQMHW‘FKHVWQXWJURYH’Õ/DWFDVWDQWXPLG UUMHW¬‘QHW’Õ/DWUWHLG WMHJXOO‘EULFN’Õ/DWWJXODLG %HIRUHQDVDOVLQDXVODXW/DWEHKDYHVDVVKRUWHDQG\LHOGV/DWH3URWR $OEDQLDQê: IUH~IUê‘EULGOH JUDSHVWDON FRPE’Õ/DWIUQXPLG 7KHROGHVW/DWLQORDQZRUGVGLVSOD\HDVDUHJXODUUHIOH[RI/DW AFIIRUH[DPSOH KHU¬‘WLPHPRPHQWRIWLPHKRXU’Õ/DWKAUD‘KRXU’ SHP¬‘IUXLWWUHHIUXLW’Õ/DWSAPXP‘IUXLW’SAPXV‘IUXLWWUHH’ SOHS‘SRSODU’Õ5RP
SOASXVPHWDWKHVLVRI/DWSASXOXVLG SUHPWRM‘WRSURPLVH’Õ/DWSUAPLWWHUH‘WRIRUERGHWRSURPLVH’ W¬UPHW‘HDUWKTXDNH’Õ5RP
WHUUDHPAWXVLG WPHUU‘KRUURUIULJKW’Õ/DWWLPAUHPLG ,QDVPDOOQXPEHURIORDQZRUGVZHILQGDVXEVWLWXWLRQRI/DWA ZLWK$OEX phonology 33 NDQXVK¬‘VWRUN’Õ5RP
FQAVXVGHULYDWLYHRI/DWFQXV‘ZKLWH’ XUGK¬U~XUGK¬Q‘RUGHU’Õ/DWAUGLQHPLG XW‘RZO’Õ/DWAWXV‘KRUQHGRZO’ &IDOVRRQHFDVHLQZKLFKZHILQG\DVDFRQWLQXDWLRQRI/DWASUREDEO\ WKHUHVXOWRI$OEXEHIRUHDV\OODEOHFRQWDLQLQJL ]JM\U¬‘UXVW’Õ/DWVFAULD‘GURVVVODJ’ 7KH PRVW UHFHQW OD\HU RI /DWLQ ERUURZLQJV UHIOHFWV /DW A H[DFWO\DVVKRUW/DWR VHH 6WUHVVHG/DWAJLYHV$OER NXURU¬~ NXQRU¬‘FURZQ’Õ/DWFRUAQDLG P¬UNRVK ‘PDQ O\LQJ LQ ZLIH’V EHG DIWHU FKLOGELUWK DQG UHFHLYLQJ YLVLWRUV ORYHU’Õ5RP
PULFAVXV‘KXVEDQGOLNH’ UUREXOO ‘PRXQWDLQ SLQH’ Õ /DW UAEXU ‘RDN’ ZLWK D GLVVLPLODWLRQ RI VRQRUDQWV VK¬QGRVK‘KHDOWK\’Õ5RP
VDQLWAVXVLG VKTRS¬‘EULDU’Õ/DWVFASD‘WZLJEUDQFK’ ZLWKVHFRQGDU\T 8QVWUHVVHG/DWALVUHIOHFWHGDVXFIWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHV GKXURM‘WRPDNHDSUHVHQW’Õ/DWGAQUHLG NXMWRM‘WRUHPHPEHUWRWKLQN’Õ/DWFAJLWUHLG NXOORM‘WRVLHYHWRVLIWWRILOWHU’Õ/DWFAOUH‘WRILOWHUWRVWUDLQ’ XVKWRM‘WRVRXQGWRVKRXW’Õ/DWAVFLWUH‘WRVKRXWWRRSHQPRXWK WR\DZQ’ ,QDQODXWEHIRUHQDVDOV/DWA\LHOGV$OEXD~ XH GUDJXD~ GUD Q JXH‘GUDJRQ’Õ5RP
GUDQFAQHPDPRGLILFDWLRQRI /DWGUDFAQHPLG IDMNXD~IDMNXH‘IDOFRQ’Õ/DWIDOFAQHPLG IWXD ~ IWXH ‘TXLQFH’ Õ 5RP FRWAQHXP LG QDPHO\ ‘&\GRQLDQ DSSOH’ NDSXD~NDSXH‘URRVWHU’ Õ/DWFSAQHP‘FDSRQ’ 8QGHUXQFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQV DIWHUL " ZHDOVRILQG\H 34 chapter one DUV\H‘UHDVRQXQGHUVWDQGLQJ’ÕUDWLAQHPLG 7KHKLVWRU\RI/DWLQ$OEDQLDQLVLGHQWLFDOZLWKWKDWRIVKRUW /DWL VHH ,QPRVWFDVHVLWJLYHV$OEL çLPN¬‘EXJ’Õ/DWFPLFHPLG IVKLN¬‘EOLVWHUEXEEOHEODGGHUEUXLVH’Õ/DWYVFD‘EODGGHU’ LM¬‘KLSVLGH’Õ/DWSOOLD‘JURLQIODQN’ OLO‘OLO\’Õ/DWOOLXPLG PLN‘IULHQG’Õ/DWDPFXVLG VKSLUW‘VRXOVSLULW’Õ/DWVSULWXVLG 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LQ VHYHUDO ZRUGV ERUURZHG DW DQRWKHU VWDJH RI FRQWDFWVZHILQG$OEHDVDUHIOH[RI JMHU‘GRUPRXVH’Õ/DWJOUHPLG SUHY¬ ‘RSHQ ZD\ WUDFN IRUG’ Õ /DW SUYXP LWHU ‘SULYDWH URDG SDVVDJH ’ VKRUHWN¬ ‘KROH RI D KRQH\FRPE’ VKRUWHN¬ Õ 5RP VRUWFD ‘RXWOHW’GHULYHGIURP
VRUWUH‘WRJRRXW’ (DUO\ORDQZRUGVZLWK/DW UHIOHFWDFKDQJHWR\ EU\P¬‘IURVW’Õ/DWEU PD‘FROGIURVW’ IU\W‘IUXLW’ Õ/DWIU FWXVLG I\W\U¬‘IDFH’Õ/DWIDFW UD‘IRUPDWLRQFUHDWXUH’ ODW\U¬‘ULQVHZDWHU’ Õ5RP
ODYW UDIURP/DWODYUH‘WRZDVK’ P\OO‘PXOH’Õ/DWP OXVLG QDW\U¬‘QDWXUH’Õ/DWQW UDLG ,Q ODWHU ORDQZRUGV /DW LV UHQGHUHG DV $OE X FI WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOHV GXURM‘WREHSDWLHQW’Õ/DWG UUHLG N¬UUXW¬‘HZHZLWKKRUQV’ Õ/DWIHPDGMFRUQ WD‘KRUQHG’ NXNXW¬‘IHQQHO’Õ/DWFLF WDLG QXVH ‘EULGH \RXQJ ZRPDQ \RXQJHU GDXJKWHULQODZ’ Õ 5RP Q SWLD D ORFDO YDULDQW RI /DW Q SWD ‘PDUULHG ZRPDQ ZLIH EULGH’ UUXJ¬‘VWUHHW’Õ/DWU JD‘ZULQNOH’ phonology 35 UUXVKNXOO ‘D NLQG RI WKRUQ\ SODQW’ Õ 5RP
U VFXOXV GHULYDWLYH RI /DWU VFXV‘EXWFKHU’VEURRP’ /DWLQGLSKWKRQJV 7KHRQO\GLSKWKRQJWKDWH[LVWHGLQ/DWLQDQGHDUO\5RPDQFHDW WKHWLPHVRI$OEDQLDQ/DWLQFRQWDFWVZDVDX2WKHUGLSKWKRQJV WKRXJK ZH GR QRW KDYH H[DPSOHV IRU RH KDG DOUHDG\ EHFRPH PRQRSKWKRQJV VHH /DWDXVKDUHGWKHIDWHRI(3$
DXDQGZDVUHQGHUHGDV$OED DU‘JROG’Õ/DWDXUXPLG JD]‘MR\ODXJKWHU’Õ/DWJDXGLXP‘MR\’ ODU‘ODXUHO’Õ /DWODXUXVLG SDN‘DOLWWOHIHZ’Õ/DWSDXFXV‘IHZOLWWOH’ VKNDJRM ‘WR UHIXVH WR GHFOLQH’ Õ /DW H[FDXGLFUH ‘WR XSURRW WR HUDGLFDWH‘ 8QVWUHVVHGDXZDVUHGXFHGWR¬ZKLFKZDVWKHQODELDOL]HGWRXXQGHU WKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHSUHFHGLQJV\OODEOH N¬VK\UH ‘PRXQWDLQ SDWK SDWK LQ WKH UDYLQH’ Õ /DW FODXV UD ‘ORFN EDUEROW FDVWOHIRUW’ VKXUXNRM‘WRWKXQGHUWRPDNHQRLVH’Õ5RP
VXEUDXFUH‘WRPDNH KRDUVH’FI,WDOGLDOVXUUDJDUH /DWHU ORDQZRUGV ERUURZHG DW WKH WLPH ZKHQ (3$ DX KDG DOUHDG\ EHFRPH
DUHIOHFW/DWDXDV
DY!
A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian by Vladimir E. Orel
by Jeff
4.2